Plasma membranes enclose the borders of cells, but rather than being a static bag, they are dynamic and constantly in. Cells exclude some substances, take in others, and excrete still others, all in controlled quantities. ![]() In some cell types, we find no evidence for heterogeneity in mobility across the plasma membrane, but in others we find statistically significant differences with some regions of membrane showing significantly higher viscosity than others. The cell membrane can be described through the fluid mosaic model which states that the membrane is made of multiple components free to drift in the membrane. A cell’s plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell and determines the nature of its contact with the environment. We describe experiments performed on cultured primary cells, stable cell lines and ex vivo tissue slices using a variety of membrane proteins, under different imaging conditions. We used a quadrat sampling method and show how statistical tests for membrane heterogeneity can be conducted by analysing the paths of many molecules that pass through the same unit area of membrane. In the current study, we have used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) combined with super-resolution tracking of multiple individual molecules, in order to create high-resolution maps of local membrane viscosity. It provides structural support, protection, and osmotic regulation. Integral membrane proteins act as nanometre-sized probes of the lipid environment and their thermally-driven movements can be used to report local variations in membrane properties. The cell wall is a tough, protective layer that covers the cell membrane. ![]() Heterogeneity in cell membrane structure, typified by microdomains with different biophysical and biochemical properties, is thought to impact on a variety of cell functions. Besides the nucleus, the eukaryotic cells have other membrane bound distinct structures called organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the golgi complex.
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